The fourth and fifth columns compare the distribution of income and the
distribution of taxes among these five groups. The poorest group earns 4 percent of all income and pays 1 percent of all taxes. The richest group earns 49 percent of all income and pays 59 percent of all taxes.
This table on taxes is a good starting point for understanding the burden of
government, but the picture it offers is incomplete. Although it includes all the
taxes that flow from households to the federal government, it fails to include the
transfer payments, such as Social Security and welfare, that flow from the federal
government back to households. Studies that include both taxes and transfers
show more progressivity. The richest group of families still pays about
one-quarter of its income to the government, even after transfers are subtracted.
By contrast, poor families typically receive more in transfers than they pay in
taxes. The average tax rate of the poorest quintile, rather than being 8.0 percent
as in the table, is a negative 30 percent. In other words, their income is about 30
percent higher than it would be without government taxes and transfers. The
lesson is clear: To understand fully the progressivity of government policies,
one must take account of both what people pay and what they receive.
distribution of taxes among these five groups. The poorest group earns 4 percent of all income and pays 1 percent of all taxes. The richest group earns 49 percent of all income and pays 59 percent of all taxes.
This table on taxes is a good starting point for understanding the burden of
government, but the picture it offers is incomplete. Although it includes all the
taxes that flow from households to the federal government, it fails to include the
transfer payments, such as Social Security and welfare, that flow from the federal
government back to households. Studies that include both taxes and transfers
show more progressivity. The richest group of families still pays about
one-quarter of its income to the government, even after transfers are subtracted.
By contrast, poor families typically receive more in transfers than they pay in
taxes. The average tax rate of the poorest quintile, rather than being 8.0 percent
as in the table, is a negative 30 percent. In other words, their income is about 30
percent higher than it would be without government taxes and transfers. The
lesson is clear: To understand fully the progressivity of government policies,
one must take account of both what people pay and what they receive.
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